nginx配置(二)

ngx_http_gzip_module:
The ngx_http_gzip_module module is a filter that compresses responses using the “gzip” method. This often helps to reduce the size of transmitted data by half or even more.

1、gzip on | off;
Enables or disables gzipping of responses.

2、gzip_comp_level level;
Sets a gzip compression level of a response. Acceptable values are in the range from 1 to 9.

3、 gzip_disable regex …;  #符合正则表达式的不压缩
Disables gzipping of responses for requests with “User-Agent” header fields matching any of the specified regular expressions.

4、 gzip_min_length length;
启用压缩功能的响应报文大小阈值: 最小多少字节才压缩

5、gzip_buffers number size;
支持实现压缩功能时为其配置的缓冲区数量及每个缓存区的大小

6、gzip_proxied off | expired | no-cache | no-store | private | no_last_modified | no_etag | auth | any …;
nginx作为代理服务器接收到从被代理服务器发送的响应报文后
在何种条件下启用压缩功能的;
off:对代理的请求不启用
no-cache, no-store,private:表示从被代理服务器收到的响应报文首部的Cache-Control的值为此三者中任何一个
则启用压缩功能;

7、gzip_types mime-type …;
压缩过滤器,仅对此处设定的MIME类型的内容启用压缩功能
示例:
gzip  on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_min_length 64;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_types text/xml text/css  application/javascript

ngx_http_ssl_module模块:

1、 ssl on | off;
Enables the HTTPS protocol for the given virtual server.

2、ssl_certificate file;
当前虚拟主机使用PEM格式的证书文件;

3、ssl_certificate_key file;
当前虚拟主机上与其证书匹配的私钥文件;

4、ssl_protocols [SSLv2] [SSLv3] [TLSv1] [TLSv1.1] [TLSv1.2];
支持ssl协议版本,默认为后三个;

5、ssl_session_cache off | none | [builtin[:size]] [shared:name:size];
builtin[:size]使用OpenSSL内建的缓存,此缓存为每worker进程私有;

[shared:name:size]:在各worker之间使用一个共享的缓存;

6、ssl_session_timeout time;
客户端一侧的连接可以复用ssl session cache中缓存 的ssl参数的有效时长;

配置示例:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.magedu.com;
root /vhosts/ssl/htdocs;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;
ssl_session_cache shared:sslcache:20m;
}

ngx_http_rewrite_module模块:  #重写,不是重定向

The ngx_http_rewrite_module module is used to change request URI using PCRE regular expressions, return redirects, and conditionally select configurations.

bbs.magedu.com/ –> www.magedu.com/bbs/,  http://www.magedu.com/ –> https://www.magedu.com/
http://www.magedu.com/login.php;username=tom –> http://www.magedu.com/tom/

将用户请求的URI基于regex所描述的模式进行检查,而后完成替换;

1、rewrite regex replacement [flag]
将用户请求的URI基于regex所描述的模式进行检查,匹配到时将其替换为replacement指定的新的URI;

注意:如果在同一级配置块中存在多个rewrite规则,那么会自下而下逐个检查;被某条件规则替换完成后,会重新一轮的替换检查,因此,隐含有循环机制;[flag]所表示的标志位用于控制此循环机制;

如果replacement是以http://或https://开头,则替换结果会直接以重向返回给客户端;
301:永久重定向;

[flag]:
last:重写完成后停止对当前URI在当前location中后续的其它重写操作,而后对新的URI启动新一轮重写检查;提前重启新一轮循环; 
break:重写完成后停止对当前URI在当前location中后续的其它重写操作,而后直接跳转至重写规则配置块之后的其它配置;结束循环;
redirect:重写完成后以临时重定向方式直接返回重写后生成的新URI给客户端,由客户端重新发起请求;不能以http://或https://开头;
permanent:重写完成后以永久重定向方式直接返回重写后生成的新URI给客户端,由客户端重新发起请求;

2、return
return code [text];
return code URL;
return URL;

Stops processing and returns the specified code to a client. 

3、 rewrite_log on | off;
是否开启重写日志;

4、 if (condition) { … }
引入一个新的配置上下文 ;条件满足时,执行配置块中的配置指令;server, location;

condition:
比较操作符:
==
!=
~:模式匹配,区分字符大小写;
~*:模式匹配,不区分字符大小写;
!~:模式不匹配,区分字符大小写;
!~*:模式不匹配,不区分字符大小写;
文件及目录存在性判断:
-e, !-e
-f, !-f
-d, !-d
-x, !-x

5、set $variable value;
用户自定义变量 ;

ngx_http_referer_module模块:   #请求报文
The ngx_http_referer_module module is used to block access to a site for requests with invalid values in the “Referer” header field. 

1、valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | string …;
定义referer首部的合法可用值;

none:请求报文首部没有referer首部;
blocked:请求报文的referer首部没有值;
server_names:参数,其可以有值作为主机名或主机名模式;
arbitrary_string:直接字符串,但可使用*作通配符;
regular expression:被指定的正则表达式模式匹配到的字符串;要使用~打头,例如 ~.*\.magedu\.com;

配置示例:
valid_referers none block server_names *.magedu.com *.mageedu.com magedu.* mageedu.* ~\.magedu\.;

if($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}

ngx_http_proxy_module模块:        #反向代理模块

1、proxy_pass URL;
Context: location, if in location, limit_except

注意:proxy_pass后面的路径不带uri时,其会将location的uri传递给后端主机;

server {

server_name HOSTNAME;
location /uri/ {
proxy http://hos[:port];
}

}

http://HOSTNAME/uri –> http://host/uri 

proxy_pass后面的路径是一个uri时,其会将location的uri替换为proxy_pass的uri;

server {

server_name HOSTNAME;
location /uri/ {
proxy http://host/new_uri/;
}

}

http://HOSTNAME/uri/ –> http://host/new_uri/

如果location定义其uri时使用了正则表达式的模式,则proxy_pass之后必须不能使用uri; 也就是收不能带任何东西;
用户请求时传递的uri将直接附加代理到的服务的之后;
server {

server_name HOSTNAME;
location ~|~* /uri/ {
proxy http://host;
}

}

http://HOSTNAME/uri/ –> http://host/uri/;

2、proxy_set_header field value;
设定发往后端主机的请求报文的请求首部的值;Context: http, server, location

proxy_set_header X-Real-IP  $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;

3、proxy_cache_path
定义可用于proxy功能的缓存;只能放在http

proxy_cache_path path [levels=levels] [use_temp_path=on|off] keys_zone=name  :size [inactive=time] [max_size=size] [manager_files=number] [manager_sleep=time] [manager_threshold=time] [loader_files=number] [loader_sleep=time] [loader_threshold=time] [purger=on|off] [purger_files=number] [purger_sleep=time] [purger_threshold=time];

4、proxy_cache zone | off;
    #proxy_cache mycache;
   指明要调用的缓存,或关闭缓存机制;Context:http, server, location

5、 proxy_cache_key string;
缓存中用于“键”的内容;
 
默认值:proxy_cache_key $scheme$proxy_host$request_uri;

6、proxy_cache_valid [code …] time;
定义对特定响应码的响应内容的缓存时长;

定义在http{…}中;
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/proxy_cache levels=1:1:1 keys_zone=pxycache:20m max_size=1g;

定义在需要调用缓存功能的配置段,例如server{…};
proxy_cache pxycache;
proxy_cache_key $request_uri;
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 301 1h;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;

7、proxy_cache_use_stale       #是否使用过期的缓存

proxy_cache_use_stale error | timeout | invalid_header | updating | http_500 | http_502 | http_503 | http_504 | http_403 | http_404 | off …;

8、proxy_cache_methods GET | HEAD | POST …;
If the client request method is listed in this directive then the response will be cached. “GET” and “HEAD” methods are always added to the list, though it is recommended to specify them explicitly. 

9、proxy_hide_header field;            #隐藏首部,
By default, nginx does not pass the header fields “Date”, “Server”, “X-Pad”, and “X-Accel-…” from the response of a proxied server to a client. The proxy_hide_header directive sets additional fields that will not be passed.

10、proxy_connect_timeout time;       #连接后端服务器的超时时间
Defines a timeout for establishing a connection with a proxied server. It should be noted that this timeout cannot usually exceed 75 seconds.

默认为60s;

ngx_http_headers_module模块
The ngx_http_headers_module module allows adding the “Expires” and “Cache-Control” header fields, and arbitrary fields, to a response header.

向由代理服务器响应给客户端的响应报文添加自定义首部,或修改指定首部的值

1、add_header name value [always];
添加自定义首部;
add_header X-Via  $server_addr;
add_header X-Accel $server_name;

2、expires [modified] time;
expires epoch | max | off;
用于定义Expire或Cache-Cont rol首部的值;

ngx_http_fastcgi_module模块:

The ngx_http_fastcgi_module module allows passing requests to a FastCGI server.

1、fastcgi_pass address;
 address为fastcgi server的地址; location, if in location

2、fastcgi_index name;         #fastcgi默认的主页资源; 

3、fastcgi_param parameter value [if_not_empty];   #fastcgi参数
Sets a parameter that should be passed to the FastCGI server. The value can contain text, variables, and their combination.

配置示例1:
前提:配置好fpm server和mariadb-server服务;
location ~* \.php$ {
root           /usr/share/nginx/html;
fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index  index.php;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /usr/share/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;
include        fastcgi_params;
}

配置示例2:通过/pm_status和/ping来获取fpm server状态信息;
location ~* ^/(pm_status|ping)$ {
include        fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $fastcgi_script_name;
}

4、fastcgi_cache_path path [levels=levels] [use_temp_path=on|off] keys_zone=name:size [inactive=time] [max_size=size] [manager_files=number] [manager_sleep=time] [manager_threshold=time] [loader_files=number] [loader_sleep=time] [loader_threshold=time] [purger=on|off] [purger_files=number] [purger_sleep=time] [purger_threshold=time];

定义fastcgi的缓存;缓存位置为磁盘上的文件系统,由path所指定路径来定义;

levels=levels:缓存目录的层级数量,以及每一级的目录数量;levels=ONE:TWO:THREE
leves=1:2:2
keys_zone=name:size
k/v映射的内存空间的名称及大小
inactive=time
非活动时长
max_size=size
磁盘上用于缓存数据的缓存空间上限

5、fastcgi_cache zone | off;
调用指定的缓存空间来缓存数据;http, server, location

6、fastcgi_cache_key string;
定义用作缓存项的key的字符串;

7、fastcgi_cache_methods GET | HEAD | POST …;
为哪些请求方法使用缓存;

8、fastcgi_cache_min_uses number;
缓存空间中的缓存项在inactive定义的非活动时间内至少要被访问到此处所指定的次数方可被认作活动项;

9、fastcgi_cache_valid [code …] time;
不同的响应码各自的缓存时长;

示例:
http {

fastcgi_cache_path /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_cache levels=1:2:1 keys_zone=fcgi:20m inactive=120s;

server {

location ~* \.php$ {

fastcgi_cache fcgi;
fastcgi_cache_key $request_uri;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
fastcgi_cache_valid 301 1h;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 1m;

}

}

}

10、fastcgi_keep_conn on | off;   #保存连接,减少三次握手等时间
By default, a FastCGI server will close a connection right after sending the response. However, when this directive is set to the value on, nginx will instruct a FastCGI server to keep connections open.

原创文章,作者:shewei,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.178linux.com/74992

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