yum
CentOS前端工具: yum, dnf
统一资源定位符：URL
YUM: Yellowdog Update Modifier，rpm的前端程序，用来解决软件包相关依赖性，可以在多个库之间定位软件包，自动安装软件包，以及该软件包的依赖包，up2date的替代工具
yum repository: yum repo （yum仓库）
存储了众多rpm 包，以及包的相关的元数据文件（放置于特定目录repodata下）
文件服务器：
ftp://
http://
file:///
yum客户端配置文件：
/etc/yum.conf：为所有仓库提供公共配置
/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo：为仓库的指向提供配置
仓库定义：(/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo里的配置文件)
[repositoryID]
name=Some name for this repository //仓库文字，默认可以不写
baseurl=url://path/to/repository/ //仓库的位置，必须填写的内容
enabled={1|0} //是否启用该仓库，0：不启用，1：启用，默认为1（不写），为启用状态
gpgcheck={1|0} //是否开启包完整性检查，0：不开启，1：开启，默认为1（不写），为开启包检测状态
gpgkey=URL //包完整性检测的包路径，若gpgcheck为0，可以不填写此项
enablegroups={1|0}
failovermethod={roundrobin|priority} //仓库被使用的次序，默认是随机，priority按优先级
默认为：roundrobin ，意为随机挑选；
cost= //仓库开销，值越小，优先级越高
默认为1000
eg：CentOS6系统的yum配置
[root@CentOS6 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos6-service.repo [base] name=CentOS6 service repo baseurl=http://10.1.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/6/ gpgcheck=0
yum命令的用法：
yum [options] [command] [package …]
[package …]：直接使用包名，而不是包文件名。（注意区别：rpm的安装，是使用包文件名，rpm查询是使用的包名）
[options]
-y：自动回答为“yes”
-q：静默模式
–nogpgcheck：禁止进行gpgcheck
–disablerepo=repoidglob：临时禁用此处指定的repo
–enablerepo=repoidglob：临时启用此处指定的repo
–noplugins：禁用所有插件
command is one of:
* repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
显示仓库列表
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base | 4.0 kB 00:00 repo id repo name status base CentOS6 service repo 6,696 repolist: 6,696* list […]
显示程序包
yum list [all|glob_exp|…]
yum list [available|installed|updates]
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum list | less Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 ConsoleKit-x11.x86_64 0.4.1-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 DeviceKit-power.x86_64 014-3.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 GConf2.x86_64 2.28.0-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 GConf2-gtk.x86_64 2.28.0-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 ModemManager.x86_64 0.4.0-5.git20100628.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8* install package1 [package2] […]
安装程序包
* reinstall package1 [package2] […]
重新安装程序包
* update [package1] [package2] […]
升级程序包
* downgrade package1 [package2] […]
降级安装
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum install zsh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Install Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================================================== Installing: zsh x86_64 4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 base 2.2 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 2.2 M Installed size: 5.1 M Is this ok [y/N]: <--------此处回答y即可安装程序包* check-update
检测可用升级
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum check-update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile acpid.x86_64 2.0.19-2.0.1.el6.centos.alt xen4centos kernel.x86_64 3.18.12-11.el6 xen4centos kernel-firmware.noarch 3.18.12-11.el6 xen4centos kernel-headers.x86_64 3.18.12-11.el6 xen4centos* remove | erase package1 [package2] […]
卸载程序包
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum remove tree Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.5.3-3.el6 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================================================== Removing: tree x86_64 1.5.3-3.el6 @base 65 k Transaction Summary =============================================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Installed size: 65 k Is this ok [y/N]:<--------此处回答y即可卸载程序包* info […]
查看程序包information
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum info tree Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages Name : tree Arch : x86_64 Version : 1.5.3 Release : 3.el6 Size : 65 k Repo : installed From repo : base Summary : File system tree viewer URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/ License : GPLv2+ Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a : tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree : utility.* provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] […]
查看指定的特性（可以是某文件）是由那个程序包提供
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum provides /etc/fstab Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/fstab setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/fstab
* clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
清除本地缓存
* makecache
构建缓存
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum clean all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Cleaning repos: base Cleaning up Everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@CentOS6 ~]# yum makecache Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Determining fastest mirrors base | 4.0 kB 00:00 base/group_gz | 226 kB 00:00 base/filelists_db | 6.3 MB 00:00 base/primary_db | 4.7 MB 00:00 base/other_db | 2.8 MB 00:00 Metadata Cache Created* search string1 [string2] […]
以指定的关键字搜素程序包及summary信息
* deplist package1 [package2] […]
查看指定包所依赖的capabilities
* history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]
查看yum事务历史
yum history info 6
查看事务历史第6条的详细信息
yum history undo 6
撤销事务历史第6条的操作，卸载的撤销就是安装，安装的撤销就是卸载
[root@CentOS6 ~]# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 | root <root> | 2016-08-21 08:17 | Install | 1 4 | root <root> | 2016-08-21 01:04 | Install | 25 3 | root <root> | 2016-08-21 00:46 | Install | 46 2 | root <root> | 2016-08-20 23:24 | Install | 1 1 | System <unset> | 2016-08-20 22:01 | Install | 1123 history list [root@CentOS6 ~]# yum history info 5 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Transaction ID : 5 Begin time : Sun Aug 21 08:17:40 2016 Begin rpmdb : 1195:acc15ce6b2a873ade9434d29bdca2e6c6a9f5fa4 End time : 08:17:43 2016 (3 seconds) End rpmdb : 1196:83eaa621cb52947d60d21e648bb8f7a7d925156c User : root <root> Return-Code : Success Command Line : install -y tree Transaction performed with: Installed rpm-4.8.0-55.el6.x86_64 @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 Installed yum-3.2.29-73.el6.centos.noarch @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.30-37.el6.noarch @anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64/6.8 Packages Altered: Install tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64 @base history info
* localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] […]
(maintained for legacy reasons only – use install)
老版本的安装及升级本地rpm包命令，现在可以直接使用install进行安装
* localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] […]
(maintained for legacy reasons only – use update)
老版本的安装及升级本地rpm包命令，现在可以直接使用update进行升级
* help [command]
查看帮助
* grouplist [hidden] [groupwildcard] […]
显示包组（hidden：显示隐藏的包组）
* groupinstall group1 [group2] […]
安装包组
* groupupdate group1 [group2] […]
更新包组
* groupremove group1 [group2] […]
移除包组
* groupinfo group1 […]
包组信息
如何使用光盘当作本地yum 仓库：
(1) 挂载光盘至某目录，例如/media/cdrom
# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
(2) 创建配置文件
[CentOS6]
name=
baseurl=
gpgcheck=
eg:光盘yum仓库
[root@CentOS6 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos6-cdrom.repo [cdrom] name=CentOS6 cdrom repo baseurl=file:///media/cdrom/ gpgcheck=0
yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量：
$releasever：当前OS的发行版的主版本号
$arch：平台，i386,i486,i586,x86_64等 等
$basearch：基础平台；i386
$YUM0-$YUM9：自定义变量
eg：http://mirrors.gaomengedu.com/centos/$releaserver/$basearch
http://server/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
http://server/centos/7/x86_64
http://server/centos/6/i384
如何创建yum仓库
(1)把网上/其他的rpm包下载到某一路径下
(2)安装createrepo包（安装了此包的可以跳过此步）
(3)进入下载的rpm包的路径下
(4)createrepo ./
把rpm包的repodate目录文件创建在此目录下
–basedir 设置repodate目录的路径，默认在当前工作路径
[root@CentOS6 xen]# pwd /testdir/xen [root@CentOS6 xen]# ls | wc 41 41 1498 [root@CentOS6 xen]# createrepo ./ Spawning worker 0 with 41 pkgs Workers Finished Gathering worker results Saving Primary metadata Saving file lists metadata Saving other metadata Generating sqlite DBs Sqlite DBs complete [root@CentOS6 xen]# ls | wc 42 42 1507 [root@CentOS6 xen]# ll | grep repo drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 08:28 repodata
原创文章，作者：megedugao，如若转载，请注明出处：http://www.178linux.com/39228
